DOS 1.x (1981) had no explicit memory management support. It was designed to run primarily on machines with 64K RAM or less, or not too much more (the original PC could not have more than 64K RAM on the system board, although RAM expansion boards did exist). A COM program could easily access (almost) 64K memory when loaded, and many programs didn’t rely on even having that much. In fact the early PCs often only had 64K or 48K RAM installed. But the times were rapidly changing.
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Klenerman and Balasubramanian’s great insight was that template DNA could be sequenced by synthesizing a complementary strand of reversible terminators; basically, extending the chain one base at a time and determining the identity of each nucleotide by looking at the color of its fluorophore. In 1998, the pair started a company called Solexa to develop the technology.
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